Women and Myth an Example by

Ladies and Myth You recklessly and freely not simply wonder however without a doubt mourn that I am said to forces as fine a brain as nature at any point offered to the most learned man. You assume that so taken in a lady has hardly before been found on the planet. Need paper test on Ladies and Myth point? We will compose a custom article test explicitly for you Continue The above are wild words in a letter by youthful Laura Cereta devoted to a pundit who had communicated shock at her composing artfulness. However, for what reason did he need to be shocked by Ceretas inventiveness? Since as per the then overarching thought, ladies were genuinely and mentally subordinate to men (Platt and Mathews 296). Since the initiation of present day styled human progress as in during the Greco-Roman ages, usurpation of womens status has unendingly been executed on the pointless legitimization of the physical quality combined with a beguiling ground that men are likewise mentally predominant. To the extent the previous goes studies, for example, Charles Darwins The Descent of Man and Selection to Sex (1871) have determined it to be undisputable. At any rate in the purported crude social orders this physiological factor was inconsequential to the extent that allocating jobs inside the family circles and the network is concerned. For sure this right gave to man has been over extended with the goal that it includes scholarly strength also. Do the trick to state that this misguided judgment intended for out of line abuse and inactivation of the other portion of human populace denoted the beginning of womens social, political and monetary wretchedness. During this period neediness took the essence of a lady as one government official put it. Thusly, because of the above lie, ladies have far so since quite a while ago been diminished from taking part in crucial social, financial and political procedures. Mankind has existed for endless supply of years with a fundamental vote based procedure as electioneering in conduction. However it was not until nineteenth century that testimonial rights were stretched out to ladies. Quality instruction has likewise taken long to permeate through to ladies and even today both in industrialized and farming economies the pattern has scarcely changed. A young lady kid is as yet inclined to class drop out sooner than her kid partner. The conviction that ladies were of low mind was unequivocally dug in the Roman Empires lawful system. Subsequently ladies, considered as morons were taboo by law to go about as witnesses, sign an agreement or will, acquire or own land(Encyclopedia Britannica 910).The reality of this corruption can best be checked by benchmarking the above specifications to their todays reciprocals: today those limitations in entire apply just to the individuals who are intellectually wiped out! Luckily certain emissions by one way or another shook this misguided judgment. By and large, the event after some time of upsets, fighting, and uprisings has empowered generous increases of ladies liberation to be figured it out. Comparable to weakening of male pride, French and logical insurgency assumed a critical job. The French unrest with its unsettling for equity and human rights would be impractical however for an augmentation of these general plans to all humankind, independent of genders (Enc.910). Logical unrest which along these lines brought forth higher analysis transformed the immersion with physical quality as the standard measures for word related task, moving it rather to scholarly splendor or now and again moral virtuous. Higher analysis at any rate cleared route for an encouraged inconsistency of Pauline idea of lady, in light of the fact that it didn't mirror the circumstance on the ground, that it was oppressive. A prominent commitment of the French Revolution was the development of such moving voices as Mary Wallcroft of English plummet with her A vindication of ladies and John Stuart Mills Subjection of Women which was later to be acclaimed as female declaration. In spite of the fact that the previous didnt get the gathering planned, its relevance exudes from the way that she caught the subject as a casualty not as an insignificant eyewitness or supporter. Wollcraft accepted that progress which had up to this point occurred on the planet had been exceptionally halfway, seeing that womens mind were not beneficial not because of their own creation, but since quality and convenience had been yielded by men. In this way she some way or another varied with Cereto who expressed that most ladies have picked lesser objectives just to later on agree with her by declaring that ladies of the current century are just on edge to move love. Wollcraft sooner or later saw that ladies, who could also be manly as in they should look to accomplish those gifts and prudence that for long have been typified as masculine excellencies have fall prey to powerlessness of heart, delicacy of assumption and refined of taste. These starvation phrases which she grouped as style, is substandard compared to goodness. Without a doubt during Wollcrafts time, a great deal changed in regard to ladies with the shining of mechanical upheaval, womens inclusion in the work markets was supported. World wars 1 and 2 arranged agreeable condition for once more another step in womens liberation endeavors. For instance, the Us ladies populism was taken a step higher by the approach of world War I , while that of Japan was tremendously catalyzed by world war 2 (Enc.9 2). By and large one is obliged to content that womens status has colossally been improved ladies, essentially everywhere throughout the world ladies can, and are continually being urged to take part in social, financial and political exercises of their individual nations specifically and for the most part at the worldwide front. Anyway there are as yet grave hesitations. In spite of the fact that the beginning of logical and mechanical progressions has furnished ladies with adequate stages to declare their similar imperativeness based on scholarly sponsorship and not just the physical quality, womens status is still a long way from being at standard with that of men. Certain angles have been answerable for this. Today, much the same as the Greco-Roman days social orders despite everything harbor and implement certain strict and social imperatives that advocate for among other preservationist esteems an arrival to the old family arrangement1. These qualities obviously dole out jobs to ladies both at a cultural and family level in regard to their physiological structure. In proficient societies Ware takes note of that what were viewed once as hard male regions with great possibilities quickly decrease in esteem as ladies move into them in critical numbers she noticed the lessening estimation of medication in previous USSR and law in Australia (99). Wollcraft cautions that on the off chance that she (a ladies) be not set up by instruction to turn into the buddy of man she will postpone information and temperance. It is at any rate reasonable and consistent for our men society to understand that ladies are as key as they (men)are in molding the worldwide course.Indeed as Laura states Nature has liberally pampered its blessing upon all individuals opening to all entryways of decision through which reason sends agents to the will from which they learn and pass on its thoughts ladies are the equivalents of men, if just for the mentalities and discernment, for example, those of Lauras pundit! Certain strict outfits despite everything accept that a womans spot ought to be at home, and explicitly in the kitchen .Jehovah observers for instance as per Pauline teaching despite everything forbid ladies from remaining before the gathering. Social practices particularly in Africa despite everything hamper ladies from claiming land. WORKED CITED Mathews, Roy and F.Dewih Platt. The Western Huminities California :May Field distributing Company, 2001 Products, Helen. Does Development lead to Greater Equality of the genders: Populace and ladies. Ed . Joined Nations Newyork: United Nations , 1994.93-105 Ladies, Status of,Encyclopaedia Brutannica.15th ed.1981

ATR vocabulary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ATR jargon - Essay Example As it were, throwing is a planning of figures by utilization of form to deliver castings from a unique cast produced using mud. Cutting is the handy cutting of a material, for example, wood or into a structure or a plan by utilization of mechanical apparatuses. Amassing is the fuse of items such a bit of shape to frame to a cast. Low alleviation otherwise called bas help is a type of workmanship where figures are planned from a slight tallness over the ground with scarcely cut blueprints. High alleviation includes round figure whose parts are totally segregated from the beginning. Contrapposto is a type of model with a plan that includes the figure is ready with all its weight laying on one leg. Earthwork is nature relate craftsmanship that includes creation of huge scope figures by moving a ton of soil to frame the shape. Open workmanship is any bit of craftsmanship made to put it in open regions. Establishment is the development of a workmanship for presentation on an exhibition. S ite explicit is the ground on which a bit of workmanship is stood. Moderation is a structure craftsmanship that is portrayed by utilization of straightforward unornamented design. It inception is followed back in New York City. Earthenware production are inorganic materials mounding and preparing mud. Dirt is inflexible, clingy, grained earth. Chunk is a wide, thick bit of cement utilized for development. An example of winding turn framed by winding material together to one another to shape s corner to corner impact. Potter wheel is a spinning wheel that is worked by use switch to shape dirt. Porcelain is an unbending earthenware arranged by drying dirt ablaze and coating it with fusible materials of various hues Glass is an inorganic, impenetrable material utilized in elaborate items. Recolored glass is essentially shaded glass utilized in the creation of beautifying windows. Glass blowing is the molding of mellowed glass by compellingly passing air into t through a cylinder. Metal, this is a malleable, brilliant substance generally a decent

How to Write a Good Scientific Research Paper

How to Write a Good Scientific Research Paper Want to learn more on how to write scientific research paper? Or probably looking forward to your first science paper writing assignment? The feeling can be both invigorating and devastating at the same time. With tons of resources, data and research work to do, knowing the right way to start the research writing process becomes a difficult task. Be that as it may, if you do a thorough research work and choose the right topic, then you are right on track. To ensure a smooth scientific research paper writing that will give you a good grade, approach the task methodologically. Structure of Scientific Research Paper Want to learn more about how to write a scientific research paper outline professionally? First, it is important to note that scientific paper has a basic structure when compared to other types of academic writing. Basically, it includes title, abstract, introduction, materials, and methods, results, discussion, acknowledgments and citations. Also, keep in mind that most publications have their own specific guideline and format of a scientific research paper to follow for submission. While some use the exact formats listed above, other publications may prefer to go with a different order entirely. So get yourself prepared to draft your research paper to suit the needs of the publication. This is especially important if you want your work to get published. There is a basic outline for scientific research paper that you must use as a guide. Title The title provides readers with a clear and brief introduction to what the paper entails. A literature with an unclear title may never reach its target audience. You have to be specific. If you are writing about a specific species, makes sure to add the name to the title. And if it relates to a specific place or region, do not omit the name of the place in the title. This will give readers an idea of what to expect in the content Keywords list Do you have specific keywords in mind to make your research paper easy to find? If yes, then insert them into the keyword lists. Make sure to use the keywords in a way that makes sense. Do not stuff the content with your keywords. It makes your write-up fluffy and meaningless. Proper use of keywords makes it easy for your target audiences and interested parties to find your research paper. Abstract Will the article be an interesting read? Is it worth my time? The abstract answers all these questions and much more. This is where you tell your readers the purpose of the scientific research paper. It gives target audience a glimpse of what the contents entail. Basically, it states the objectives and scope of the study. More so, it gives a summary of the results and conclusions. Most publications will state specifically that the abstract should not be more than 250 words. If you can communicate the objectives in 100 words, then leave it at that. Don’t try to over-impress by adding more words. More importantly, do not state what you already have in the title. The title and abstract must be independent of each other. This is because they are published separately. Introduction This is one of the most important parts of a scientific research paper. It highlights the major issues the paper has to cover, while also providing some context for the key problem. Another reason why the introduction is important is to help readers determine how relevant your work is â€" Why do you think this research is necessary? What question does it provide answers to? Once you’ve introduced the research paper and the essence of conducting the research, the next thing is to state in clear terms the scope and objectives. Materials and methods This describes details of the experiment. This part makes it possible for someone else to make a replica of your research and reproduce the results. Provide detailed information about the materials used during the course of the research. If your methodologies are still fresh and original, make sure to provide all the materials required to reproduce the result. If, on the other hand, a method has been published already, state clearly the kind of methodologies used as well as references to the material. Results and discussions The result section throws more light on the findings including tables and figures. Since your scientific paper seeks to provide a solution to a specific problem, it is imperative that you state your findings in a concise and simple way. The discussions section gives readers more insight about the findings. It should also state clearly how your results can be compared to other results. Your discussions will be based on the findings presented in the results sections. Make sure your discussions align perfectly with your results. Furthermore, end the discussions with a brief summary of how relevant the study is. References If your literature is not originally your work, then it is important that you credit the source. This section will contain a list of references used during the course of the work. It should be in alphabetical order by author’s surname. Each reference detail should include the name of the author, year of publication, article title, the name of literature as well as the location where the book was published. Other details include volume and page numbers. Make sure to match references within the manuscript perfectly and precisely. Avoid using obsolete literature. Do not stuff the contents of your manuscript with a lot of references. Key Elements of a Good Scientific Research Paper Scientific research paper writing has its own unique features. These include accuracy, simplicity, and clarity. It is important to note that scientific research papers sometimes have a lot of ambiguity. As a result, it becomes a bit daunting to comprehend, particularly for the layman. To this end, it is expected of you, as an author, to possess specific attributes on how to write a scientific research paper properly. Maintaining a fine balance is essential. This way, you’ll command respect from the gurus in your field. This is because the paper is easy to comprehend. Another thing to note is to avoid the use of acronyms. In addition to that, do not write in the passive voice. Most, if not all, journals will accept research papers written in the active voice. For instance, “We ran a test to determine the correlation between two variable” is preferable to “test was carried out to determine the correlation between the two variables”. Often times, a scientific paper written in the passive voice gets rejected. Here’s a breakdown of the features Accuracy â€" Use only important and updated citations, data, resources, figures, and references. Simplicity â€" The paper is comprehensible. Use simple language, concise sentence and have a well-structured paragraph. Clarity â€" Less ambiguous, no redundancy and straight to the point. It should be well detailed Choosing a Topic for Scientific Research Paper Choosing scientific research paper topics is one of the biggest challenges you’ll probably face. It requires great skills. For some, the instructor assigns the topic while for others they have the liberty to choose their science paper writing topics of choice. When it comes to choosing the right topic there are a few steps to take. Choose a topic that you find interesting. It requires diligent research work Your choice of topic should neither be too broad nor too narrow. If you choose a broad topic you may find it challenging to concentrate due to the vast amount of information available. Likewise, a narrow topic will have little information available Read through the guidelines for choosing a topic. This will be outlined in your task. Consult your instructor or academic supervisor for help Arrange a meeting with a few friends to brainstorm about the research ideas. This will help you a lot. Remember to be flexible Research and familiarize yourself with the topic Keep in mind that choosing the right not may be a bit difficult. It has to be narrow to leave readers gasping for more, yet broad enough to give you the much-needed information. Prior to choosing a topic, have a clear picture of what your literature should look like. Tips for Getting Published Now that you’ve completed your research paper the next big hurdle is how to grab the attention of editors? There is basically no secret formula for getting your literature published. Truth is, it is not an easy task but it is achievable. The field is highly competitive. You need to be at the top of your game to stand a chance of getting published. However, keep in mind that editor’s preferences and expectations vary. Here are some interesting tips, in no particular order, to get your piece published in an academic journal: Think about the logic of the research paper and not the sequential order It is not advisable to write and make changes to the documents at the same time. You can always proofread and edit once you’re done. Make your argument noticeable all through the different section of the literature Ask a friend or better still hire a professional writing service to help review the final draft To increase your chances of getting published, consider writing a review. Some journals prefer publishing responses to papers because it helps promote discussions. Don’t just limit your target audience to a specific location rather think globally Choose the right journal Stick to the submission procedures and guidelines. And also read the instructions thoroughly Avoid repeating your abstract while writing the cover letter Do not overstate your methodology Respond professionally to the comments of the editor. If there is a need for revision, do it and resubmit. Getting your work published is no small feat. While some get the job done easily, it is usually difficult for others Tips for Writing One of the essences of writing as an author is to pass on your message and ideas precisely. For those writing academic papers, there are specific scientific research paper writing tips and guidelines to follow in order to achieve your goal â€" which is to get good grades. You must adhere to certain structures without deviating from the main purpose of writing. Clarity Clarity plays a key role when it comes to writing. It has to do with proper sentence structure, grammar, and language. To achieve clarity in writing, use short sentences of no more than 20 words. This will make the target audience grasp the concept without much stress. It will be pointless reading a paragraph over and over again just to understand the message being passed across. It will definitely put off the reader. Make your writing short, informative and catchy. Use of correct language and proper grammar will help enhance the reader’s experience. Regardless of how good or informative the research is, incorrect grammar usage will discourage the reader from probing further. Proper time management Of course, writing can take a lot of time and effort. For some, writing is a dreaded affair. However, if you are writing for the first time, it is important to create a daily schedule so you can work on some parts of the research paper. And make sure you work according to the schedule created. Editing Academic writing, specifically scientific research can be a complex and challenging task to accomplish. It requires a lot of research work. Not only that, each section will require proofreading and editing. It is, however, difficult to get it right the first time. Make sure to edit and proofread your paper before submitting. Seek help from friends or professional writing service that knows how to do a scientific research paper to help another look at the work and suggest changes if need be. This way, you can be assured that the paper is top-notch and up to the required standard. Conclusion Regardless of your reason for writing a scientific research paper, be it for academic purpose or for journal submission, the academic world is now versatile. Not only that, it keeps expanding by the day. sadly, many people don’t know how to write science research paper. In order to increase your chances of getting published, buy a professionally written scientific research paper online now.

Citizen An American Lyric Breaks The Continuum Of A...

Citizen: An American Lyric breaks the continuum of a linear narrative. It forces the reader to pause and engage with the visuals included in it. Furthermore, Claudia Rankine uses commentaries as a literary genre that effectively extends the ways and expressions in which Americans still encounter racism. Visuals and texts juxtapose to create captioned artworks; which Rankine interprets for the reader. Thus, those interpretations function as informative: telling the venues and forms where racism is portrayed and sponsored. Rankine defies the limits of scholarly literature by using visuals to summarize the context, thus, converting the book as if it were an art gallery exhibition: â€Å"Citizen acts as a kind of art gallery playing out the aesthetic of supremacist sterility, each segment being like a long, painfully white hall we’re walking down, punctuated by stunning images of black intensity and alterity† (Bomb magazine 2). Lauren Berlant comments on how Rankine’ s work shows their commonalities as writers who confront and face the challenges of being Black and questioned in numerous quotidian interactions about their intellect. Furthermore, the deliberate act to include images into the text serves as a cinematic experience by unleashing meanings that words cannot tell and Rankine’s utterances cannot convey. Thus, to incorporate a large number of visuals in a text oriented to literature college students, I would call it: risky and experimental. Perhaps, one can add out of theShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesThree Ethical Decision Criteria 187 †¢ Improving Creativity in Decision Making 188 Summary and Implications for Managers 190 S A S A S A L L L Self-Assessment Library What Are My Gender Role Perceptions? 166 glOBalization! Chinese Time, North American Time 171 Myth or Science? Creative Decision Making Is a Right-Brain Activity 181 Self-Assessment Library Am I A Deliberate Decision Maker? 183 An Ethical Choice Whose Ethical Standards to Follow? 185 Self-Assessment Library How Creative Am I? 190

The Florida Department Of Juvenile Justice - 2932 Words

I. Introduction The Florida Department of Juvenile Justice Office of Prevention and Victim Services provides voluntary youth crime prevention programs through the state of Florida. The Florida Department of Juvenile Justice mission is to increase public safety by reducing juvenile delinquency through operative prevention, intervention and treatment services that builds up families for a turn around of a brighter future of a troubled youth. The main functions of these programs as will be indicated in this paper are designed to reduce juvenile crime and protect public safety. These programs that will be stated main focused is to help those high-risk juveniles and those who display problem behaviors such as ungovernability, truancy, running away from home and other pre-delinquent behaviors. The state of Florida addresses these problems by contracting this delinquency programs prevention services and awarding grants to this local providers throughout the state of Florida. II. Juvenile Drug Treatment Courts The Juvenile Drug Court Program is one of the most accelerated outpatient option available to youth who are arrested and have been determined to have substance abuse issues. The parent/guardian and the youth have the option of consulting with the Public Defender’s assigned attorney to explore other legal options before accepting Juvenile Drug Court as part of their verdict. The Juvenile Drug Court provides services to juveniles who are thirteen to eighteen year of age andShow MoreRelatedCrime And Crime Of The United States1389 Words   |  6 Pagesexplores some of the policies, options, and approaches that could be used by Florida to enhance crime control. While Florida is already utilizing some of the strategies explored in this report, some of these strategies do not provide effective results in crime control, while other are yet to be rolled out across the State. For instance, juvenile transfers would appear unsuccessful in preventing juvenile offenders from crime in Florida. Similarly, the concept of ILP is yet to be rolled out to others areasRead MoreCommunity Based And Residential Delinquency Program896 Words   |  4 Pageseighteen who are classified as dependent, truant, runaway, delinquent or in need of academic skills. PACE accepts referrals from the juvenile justice system, the Department of Children and Families, school personnel, community services agencies, parents, family members, friends and self-referrals. The main goal of PACE is to intervene and prevent school withdrawal, juvenile delinquency, teen pregnancy, substance abuse and welfare dependency in a safe and nurturing environment. Pace gives services suchRead MoreEssay on Restorative Action for Juvenile Justice Centers1039 Words   |  5 Pages Juvenile justice is the area of criminal law for a person not old enough to be held responsible for their criminal actions (â€Å"Juvenile Justice†). In most states this kind of categorization is determined by age, set at eighteen years old. In general, juvenile law is governed by state law and most states have an individual juvenile code set in place that contributes to the number of youth in detention centers today (â€Å"Juvenile Justice†). Despite the lowest youth crime rates in twenty years, accordingRead MoreFlorida’s Juvenile Justice Civil Citation Law2015 Words   |  9 Pagesstate of Florida has passed a new law pertaining to the Juvenile Justice System which gives the officer that makes first contact with the youth offender. The officer may, if the youth has no prior criminal acts and the offense is a non-violent or non-drug related offense, just file a civil citation. This happens to be a new program designed to address a youth’s behavior at th eir first encounter with the Juvenile Justice system providing an alternative to being arrested. Vital to the Department of JuvenileRead MoreThe Role of Police, Courts and Department of Corrections in Juvenile Justice System765 Words   |  4 PagesCourts and Department of Corrections in the Juvenile Justice System James Francis Juvenile Delinquency American Military University Professor Robert Arruda The Role of Police, Courts and Department of Corrections in the Juvenile Justice System The juvenile justice system brings the juvenile delinquent in contact with the local police, the court system and if found guilty, the Department of Corrections. 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CLINTON MILLER 8/17/2014    COMBATING JUVENILE DELIQUENCY HILSBOROUGH COUNTY, FLORIDA Hillsborough County in the state of Florida initiated a program called the Juvenile Arrest Avoidance Program or JAAP in August of 2010. The the Juvenile Detention Alternatives Initiative (JDAI) was also implemented to provide at-risk youths the greatest opportunity to mature into responsible, law-abiding adultsRead MoreEssay On High Risk Community780 Words   |  4 Pagessolution (Hirth, D.) Outcomes: According to David Shern, dean of the Florida Mental Health Institute at the University of South Florida and chairman of the Florida Commission on Mental Health and Substance Abuse, says â€Å"the new program holds great promise as has been very effective in the reduction of High Risk Youths and their productivity in society†. This program was proven beneficial in the reduction of High Risk Youths in Florida (Hirth, D.) 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Full Time Faculty March, 2015 The month of April brings a change of seasons around the country, and a new focus issue to the table; Health and Wellness. In the area of Juvenile Corrections, we might take this opportunity to revisit a topic I wrote about in February, â€Å"Incarcerated Youth at Risk: Is Your Facility Doing Enough to Avoid Liability?† Ultimately

Running Water’s Effect on Roman Society Free Essays

One of the greatest civilizations of all time was Ancient Rome. They conquered most of the known world, which influenced most of the ancient and modern cultures. Their achievements in architecture rendered modern observers speechless, and brought great wealth to the Roman Empire. We will write a custom essay sample on Running Water’s Effect on Roman Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now By far the greatest achievement in Roman history came in the form of running water. The three part system, which was developed by early Etruscans, kept diseases away and saved time. This system included the entrance, use, and exit of ancient Roman water. According to numerous historical texts, ancient Romans relied upon the water from the Tiber River, small springs, and shallow wells. Said water had to be carried in buckets to the city in many grueling passages. Over time, the water became insufficient for the growing population of Rome, and to rectify this problem, aqueducts were built. Most of the information on the aqueducts in ancient Rome comes from Sextus Julius Frontius, the water commissioner in the 1st century A. D. He described in proud detail the sources, length, and function of each of Rome’s aqueducts, and he believed that the Roman achievements in water management were more important than anything else. â€Å". . . With such an array of indispensable structures carrying so many waters, compare if you will, the idle Pyramids or the useless, though famous works of the Greek† (Frontius, trans. By Bennet, 1961). Here, Frontius shows he cares little about the beauty of a monument, for his appreciation lies with the function it is created for: to carry potable water to the cities of the Empire, especially in the case of Frontius, to ancient Rome. The aqueduct system began at the source: a spring or river that looked to be suitable for the citizens of Rome, and ran at a slight decrease in altitude to the walls of the city. For example, the Aqua Appia, constructed by Appius Cladius Caesus in the year 312 B. C. , was 16,445 meters in length, but it only dropped 10 meters in altitude from the source to its level in Rome (Lanciani, 1897). Modern engineers marvel at the miniscule percent error of Appius Cladius Caesus’ famous aqueduct. The way the Romans built these lines so perfectly was very simple. If the workers came to a valley that interrupted the flow of gravity, they would build a tiered viaduct to keep the elevation in the same style; if they came upon a depression that was deemed impractical to build a viaduct, they would build an inverted siphon to move the water to and from its original height; and, lastly, if the workers fell upon a mountain or hill that obstructed the flow of the water, they would tunnel through the earth to ensure that the water reached its destination (Smith, 1978). I thought that Aqueducts only consisted of the two tiered bridges; sadly Norman Smith has proved me wrong. The popular but inaccurate image is that Roman aqueducts were elevated throughout their entire length on lines of arches†¦ The system of aqueducts serving Rome had only 5 percent of its total distance supported by viaducts or bridges† (Smith, 1978). This shows that modern archaeologists have deceived many people. Their findings only include the wondrous two tiered bridge s that are deceivably named, Aqueducts, whereas these structures are called viaducts, and Aqueducts are a name for the system that brings water from the source to the city. After the water arrived in the city, it served a purpose depending on its quality. â€Å"Roman water quality standards were remedial, taking into consideration only such factors as taste, temperature, smell, and appearance. Since the quality of water from the nine aqueducts varied, the worst waters were used for artificial lakes and irrigation, and the best for drinking. The aqueducts carrying water to Rome were covered to prevent the water from being contaminated by dust, dirt, and other impurities and from being heated by the sun. The best quality waters came from the valley of the Anio River† (Hansen, 1983). This quote shows that the quality of the water brought into the city determined the purpose it served, such as, water for fountains, drinking, latrines, public baths, cleaning the streets, for putting out fires, and, occasionally, for mock naval battles. Latrines in ancient Rome consisted of large, circular or square rooms. The seating was that of a short marble countertop with a circular hole on top and a square hole cut from the edge. At the feet of the user was a trench, and running water flowed through the trench. Every Roman had their own sponge on a stick; they would dip their sponge in the fresh water, and use it to clean themselves accordingly. This was a huge step in public sanitation. It cut down the spread of nasty diseases, which were running amok in the ancient times. Even today, though we do not clean ourselves with sponges, there is still a square slot cut, similar to the one in ancient Rome, in most modern toilets. Public baths served not only for bathing, but for every social interaction in Roman culture. People went to the baths practically all day to play games, discuss politics, exercise, read, lecture, listen to musical performances, and engage in prostitution. Waters of these baths were changed several times daily and used massive amounts of water. Mock naval battles, such as the one on lake Naumachia were the most entertaining of all spectacles put on by the ancient Romans. â€Å"Another popular form of entertainment was the sham naval battle on arti[fi]cial lakes (Naumachia). These not-so-sham battles were the most elaborate of all spectacles offered at Roman celebrations. The contestants butchered one another until one side or the other was eliminated; the victors, if they fought bravely, were occasionally given their freedom. The Emperor Domitian had the arena of the Coliseum flooded and reproduced an historic naval battle. Special piping was installed under the floor for flooding. The arena, however, proved to be too small. Roman historians report that Domitian staged sham naval battles with almost regular fleets, having dug an artificial lake near the Tiber River and surrounded it with seats†¦ Generally the aqueduct with poorest quality water was used to fill the naumachia† (Hansen, 1983) Emperor Domitian used the Coliseum, the Flavian Amphitheater, to stage mock naval battles as well, but it was too small, so he returned to filling Lake Naumachia. These quotes show that the ancient Roman people depended greatly on the aqueducts or Rome. The range of water delivered by the aqueducts varies from a low of 322,000 cubic meters per day (Herschel, 1913) to a high of 1,010,623 (Ashby, 1935). Roman water management was highly impressive, although the rich and influential received a much greater amount than the lowly citizens’ share. Good portions of this water were dumped into the street; this helped for the destruction of diseases because it kept the streets clean, by moving these hazards into the sewer system and out from under the feet of passerby. Virtually all water that entered the city of ancient Rome left via the Cloaca Maxima, and its main outlet was the Tiber River (Hansen, 1983). Several years before the birth of Christ, engineers built the Cloaca Maxima, which was the drainage and wastewater collection system in the ancient city of Rome. It still exists, and is used today, sparingly. Not everyone used the Cloaca Maxima, for it was highly taxed. The lazy, the misers, the poor, and the invalids had to resort to chamber pots. These would be emptied into the sewer nearby or dumped directly into the street, causing a passerby to receive an â€Å"unwanted gift† (Hansen, 1983). â€Å"From every towering roof the rubbish falls, striking the head, and injuries grow rank. See how pots strike and dint the sturdy pavement There’s death from every window where you move. You’d be a fool to venture out to dine, Oblivious of what goes on above, Without you having penned the dotted line Of your last testament, You can but hope they spill a [chamber pot]. † (Juvenal, trans. Jerome Mazzaro,1965) One can see the irritation that jumps from the quote of Juvenal, and it shows that this practice was highly frowned upon in ancient Roman society. If a free man was struck by one of these projectiles, in addition to medical fees and other expenses, he could be paid in a similarity to Workman’s Compensation from the guilty party (Carcopino, 1940). This poem adds emphasis to the unorthodox disposal of waste, in addition to the orthodox methods of the Cloaca Maxima. Water entered ancient Rome mainly through aqueducts, which made the entrance grand, profitable, and allowed for even lowly citizens to have fresh water; this water was used by the citizens in numerous ways, including latrines, public baths, and fake naval battles; and said water exited ancient Rome into the Tiber River through the Cloaca Maxima, which was the sewer system in ancient Rome, and the chamber pot. These wondrous events greatly influenced the culture of ancient Roman cities, which consisted of mostly the entire known world. Consequently, this influence allowed for other civilizations to build upon the ideas of the ancient Romans, thus improving the architecture for societies to come. 1,549 Words For this paper I used numerous quotes from the text of Roger D. Hansen, WATER AND WASTEWATER SYSTEMS IN IMPERIAL ROME, this paper was the basis for all of my citations because all of the citations are used for his cited support as well as mine. I did have a great understanding for the information that was given here, but I had trouble finding sources for the information I gained in Western Civilization class, because it was my knowledge. That was a problem until I found this essay, but all references to his text are cited according to Hansen, and the references that he used in his paper are cited according to the works he used for support. Works Cited Ashby, Th. , 1935. The Aqueducts of Ancient Rome (ed. I. Richmond), Oxford. Carcopino, Jerome, 1947 (first published in 1940). Daily Life in Ancient Rome. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut. Frontinus, Sextus Julius (trans. Charles Bennett), 1961. Stratagems and the Aqueducts of Rome. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Hansen, Roger D. 1983, WATER AND WASTEWATER SYSTEMS IN IMPERIAL ROME. Web. 5 Nov. 2010. . Herschel, Clemens, 1913. Frontinus and the Water Supply of Rome. Longman, Green and Company, New York. Juvenal, Decimus Julius (trans. Jerome Mazzaro), 1965. Satire. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. Lanciani, Rodolfo, 1967 (first published in 1897). The Ruins of Ancient Rome. Benjamin Blom, New York. Smith, Norman, 1978. Roman Hydraulic Technology. Scientific American 238:154-161. Quotes: Ashby, 1935: â€Å" A high of 1,010,623 cubic meters of water delivered daily to ancient Romans† Carcopino, 1940: When in consequence of the fall of one of these projectiles from a house, the body of a free man shall have suffered injury, the judge shall award to the victim in addition to medical fees and other expenses incurred in his treatment and necessary to his recovery, the total of the wages of which he has been or shall in the future be deprived by the inability to work which has ensued. † Frontius, 1961: â€Å". . . With such an array of indispensable structures carrying so many waters, compare if you will, the idle Pyramids or the useless, though famous works of the Greek† Hansen, 1983: â€Å"Romans without indoor facilities were forced into one of two options. For a relatively small charge they could enter one of the city’s public latrines or they could use chamber pots†¦Rome’s elaborate latrines were not a haven for the lazy, the misers, the poor, or the invalids. These latter groups had to resort to chamber pots. These were emptied into vats placed under the stairwells or, if vats were not provided, jars could be emptied into a nearby cesspool or an opening into the central sewer. There were many who found their stairs too steep, the distances to cesspools or sewers too far, and who found it more energy efficient to empty the contents of their chamber pots from windows onto the streets below† â€Å"The Roman sewer system probably carried off at least as much water as the aqueducts provided†¦The flow of the Tiber River was greatly increased by discharges from Rome’s sewers† â€Å"Another popular form of entertainment was the sham naval battle on arti[fi]cial lakes (Naumachia). These not-so-sham battles were the most elaborate of all spectacles offered at Roman celebrations. The contestants butchered one another until one side or the other was eliminated; the victors, if they fought bravely, were occasionally given their freedom. The Emperor Domitian had the arena of the Coliseum flooded and reproduced an historic naval battle. Special piping was installed under the floor for flooding. The arena, however, proved to be too small. Roman historians report that Domitian staged sham naval battles with almost regular fleets, having dug an artificial lake near the Tiber River and surrounded it with seats†¦ Generally the aqueduct with poorest quality water was used to fill the naumachia† â€Å"Roman water quality standards were remedial, taking into consideration only such factors as taste, temperature, smell, and appearance. Since the quality of water from the nine aqueducts varied, the worst waters were used for artificial lakes and irrigation, and the best for drinking. The aqueducts carrying water to Rome were covered to prevent the water from being contaminated by dust, dirt, and other impurities and from being heated by the sun. The best quality waters came from the valley of the Anio River† Herschel, 1913: â€Å"As low as 322,000 cubic meters per day delivered by aqueducts† How to cite Running Water’s Effect on Roman Society, Papers

The French Revolution An Overview free essay sample

French  society underwent an epic transformation as  feudal,  aristocratic  and religious  privileges evaporated under a sustained assault from liberal  political groups and the  masses on the streets. Old ideas about hierarchy and tradition succumbed to new  Enlightenment principles of  citizenship  and  inalienable rights. The French Revolution bore a rich legacy for the peoples of the world during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries because it was the first national movement that adopted the ideals of â€Å"liberty, equality and fraternity†. These ideas  became the basic tenets of democracy for every nation in the 19th and the 20th  century. The Revolution  espoused the cause of the masses, sought to abolish the idea of divine right, feudal privileges,  slavery and censorship, and upheld merit as the basis for social upgradation. These tenets are important even  in the contemporary world for their emphasis on equality and a world free from prejudice. Feudal systems and later, colonisation were abolished by re-working the French Revolution ideals of freedom and equality. We will write a custom essay sample on The French Revolution: An Overview or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Indian leaders  such as  Raja Ram Mohan Roy were deeply influenced by the ideas that the French Revolution propagated against the monarchy and its absolutism Democratic rights that we enjoy today whose origins can be traced to the French Revolution are: freedom of expression, right to equality, right to freedom, right to assemble and form unions (as long as they are not a threat to national security and peace). -Riya Mahajan IX RV