Women and Myth an Example by

Ladies and Myth You recklessly and freely not simply wonder however without a doubt mourn that I am said to forces as fine a brain as nature at any point offered to the most learned man. You assume that so taken in a lady has hardly before been found on the planet. Need paper test on Ladies and Myth point? We will compose a custom article test explicitly for you Continue The above are wild words in a letter by youthful Laura Cereta devoted to a pundit who had communicated shock at her composing artfulness. However, for what reason did he need to be shocked by Ceretas inventiveness? Since as per the then overarching thought, ladies were genuinely and mentally subordinate to men (Platt and Mathews 296). Since the initiation of present day styled human progress as in during the Greco-Roman ages, usurpation of womens status has unendingly been executed on the pointless legitimization of the physical quality combined with a beguiling ground that men are likewise mentally predominant. To the extent the previous goes studies, for example, Charles Darwins The Descent of Man and Selection to Sex (1871) have determined it to be undisputable. At any rate in the purported crude social orders this physiological factor was inconsequential to the extent that allocating jobs inside the family circles and the network is concerned. For sure this right gave to man has been over extended with the goal that it includes scholarly strength also. Do the trick to state that this misguided judgment intended for out of line abuse and inactivation of the other portion of human populace denoted the beginning of womens social, political and monetary wretchedness. During this period neediness took the essence of a lady as one government official put it. Thusly, because of the above lie, ladies have far so since quite a while ago been diminished from taking part in crucial social, financial and political procedures. Mankind has existed for endless supply of years with a fundamental vote based procedure as electioneering in conduction. However it was not until nineteenth century that testimonial rights were stretched out to ladies. Quality instruction has likewise taken long to permeate through to ladies and even today both in industrialized and farming economies the pattern has scarcely changed. A young lady kid is as yet inclined to class drop out sooner than her kid partner. The conviction that ladies were of low mind was unequivocally dug in the Roman Empires lawful system. Subsequently ladies, considered as morons were taboo by law to go about as witnesses, sign an agreement or will, acquire or own land(Encyclopedia Britannica 910).The reality of this corruption can best be checked by benchmarking the above specifications to their todays reciprocals: today those limitations in entire apply just to the individuals who are intellectually wiped out! Luckily certain emissions by one way or another shook this misguided judgment. By and large, the event after some time of upsets, fighting, and uprisings has empowered generous increases of ladies liberation to be figured it out. Comparable to weakening of male pride, French and logical insurgency assumed a critical job. The French unrest with its unsettling for equity and human rights would be impractical however for an augmentation of these general plans to all humankind, independent of genders (Enc.910). Logical unrest which along these lines brought forth higher analysis transformed the immersion with physical quality as the standard measures for word related task, moving it rather to scholarly splendor or now and again moral virtuous. Higher analysis at any rate cleared route for an encouraged inconsistency of Pauline idea of lady, in light of the fact that it didn't mirror the circumstance on the ground, that it was oppressive. A prominent commitment of the French Revolution was the development of such moving voices as Mary Wallcroft of English plummet with her A vindication of ladies and John Stuart Mills Subjection of Women which was later to be acclaimed as female declaration. In spite of the fact that the previous didnt get the gathering planned, its relevance exudes from the way that she caught the subject as a casualty not as an insignificant eyewitness or supporter. Wollcraft accepted that progress which had up to this point occurred on the planet had been exceptionally halfway, seeing that womens mind were not beneficial not because of their own creation, but since quality and convenience had been yielded by men. In this way she some way or another varied with Cereto who expressed that most ladies have picked lesser objectives just to later on agree with her by declaring that ladies of the current century are just on edge to move love. Wollcraft sooner or later saw that ladies, who could also be manly as in they should look to accomplish those gifts and prudence that for long have been typified as masculine excellencies have fall prey to powerlessness of heart, delicacy of assumption and refined of taste. These starvation phrases which she grouped as style, is substandard compared to goodness. Without a doubt during Wollcrafts time, a great deal changed in regard to ladies with the shining of mechanical upheaval, womens inclusion in the work markets was supported. World wars 1 and 2 arranged agreeable condition for once more another step in womens liberation endeavors. For instance, the Us ladies populism was taken a step higher by the approach of world War I , while that of Japan was tremendously catalyzed by world war 2 (Enc.9 2). By and large one is obliged to content that womens status has colossally been improved ladies, essentially everywhere throughout the world ladies can, and are continually being urged to take part in social, financial and political exercises of their individual nations specifically and for the most part at the worldwide front. Anyway there are as yet grave hesitations. In spite of the fact that the beginning of logical and mechanical progressions has furnished ladies with adequate stages to declare their similar imperativeness based on scholarly sponsorship and not just the physical quality, womens status is still a long way from being at standard with that of men. Certain angles have been answerable for this. Today, much the same as the Greco-Roman days social orders despite everything harbor and implement certain strict and social imperatives that advocate for among other preservationist esteems an arrival to the old family arrangement1. These qualities obviously dole out jobs to ladies both at a cultural and family level in regard to their physiological structure. In proficient societies Ware takes note of that what were viewed once as hard male regions with great possibilities quickly decrease in esteem as ladies move into them in critical numbers she noticed the lessening estimation of medication in previous USSR and law in Australia (99). Wollcraft cautions that on the off chance that she (a ladies) be not set up by instruction to turn into the buddy of man she will postpone information and temperance. It is at any rate reasonable and consistent for our men society to understand that ladies are as key as they (men)are in molding the worldwide course.Indeed as Laura states Nature has liberally pampered its blessing upon all individuals opening to all entryways of decision through which reason sends agents to the will from which they learn and pass on its thoughts ladies are the equivalents of men, if just for the mentalities and discernment, for example, those of Lauras pundit! Certain strict outfits despite everything accept that a womans spot ought to be at home, and explicitly in the kitchen .Jehovah observers for instance as per Pauline teaching despite everything forbid ladies from remaining before the gathering. Social practices particularly in Africa despite everything hamper ladies from claiming land. WORKED CITED Mathews, Roy and F.Dewih Platt. The Western Huminities California :May Field distributing Company, 2001 Products, Helen. Does Development lead to Greater Equality of the genders: Populace and ladies. Ed . Joined Nations Newyork: United Nations , 1994.93-105 Ladies, Status of,Encyclopaedia Brutannica.15th ed.1981

ATR vocabulary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ATR jargon - Essay Example As it were, throwing is a planning of figures by utilization of form to deliver castings from a unique cast produced using mud. Cutting is the handy cutting of a material, for example, wood or into a structure or a plan by utilization of mechanical apparatuses. Amassing is the fuse of items such a bit of shape to frame to a cast. Low alleviation otherwise called bas help is a type of workmanship where figures are planned from a slight tallness over the ground with scarcely cut blueprints. High alleviation includes round figure whose parts are totally segregated from the beginning. Contrapposto is a type of model with a plan that includes the figure is ready with all its weight laying on one leg. Earthwork is nature relate craftsmanship that includes creation of huge scope figures by moving a ton of soil to frame the shape. Open workmanship is any bit of craftsmanship made to put it in open regions. Establishment is the development of a workmanship for presentation on an exhibition. S ite explicit is the ground on which a bit of workmanship is stood. Moderation is a structure craftsmanship that is portrayed by utilization of straightforward unornamented design. It inception is followed back in New York City. Earthenware production are inorganic materials mounding and preparing mud. Dirt is inflexible, clingy, grained earth. Chunk is a wide, thick bit of cement utilized for development. An example of winding turn framed by winding material together to one another to shape s corner to corner impact. Potter wheel is a spinning wheel that is worked by use switch to shape dirt. Porcelain is an unbending earthenware arranged by drying dirt ablaze and coating it with fusible materials of various hues Glass is an inorganic, impenetrable material utilized in elaborate items. Recolored glass is essentially shaded glass utilized in the creation of beautifying windows. Glass blowing is the molding of mellowed glass by compellingly passing air into t through a cylinder. Metal, this is a malleable, brilliant substance generally a decent

How to Write a Good Scientific Research Paper

How to Write a Good Scientific Research Paper Want to learn more on how to write scientific research paper? Or probably looking forward to your first science paper writing assignment? The feeling can be both invigorating and devastating at the same time. With tons of resources, data and research work to do, knowing the right way to start the research writing process becomes a difficult task. Be that as it may, if you do a thorough research work and choose the right topic, then you are right on track. To ensure a smooth scientific research paper writing that will give you a good grade, approach the task methodologically. Structure of Scientific Research Paper Want to learn more about how to write a scientific research paper outline professionally? First, it is important to note that scientific paper has a basic structure when compared to other types of academic writing. Basically, it includes title, abstract, introduction, materials, and methods, results, discussion, acknowledgments and citations. Also, keep in mind that most publications have their own specific guideline and format of a scientific research paper to follow for submission. While some use the exact formats listed above, other publications may prefer to go with a different order entirely. So get yourself prepared to draft your research paper to suit the needs of the publication. This is especially important if you want your work to get published. There is a basic outline for scientific research paper that you must use as a guide. Title The title provides readers with a clear and brief introduction to what the paper entails. A literature with an unclear title may never reach its target audience. You have to be specific. If you are writing about a specific species, makes sure to add the name to the title. And if it relates to a specific place or region, do not omit the name of the place in the title. This will give readers an idea of what to expect in the content Keywords list Do you have specific keywords in mind to make your research paper easy to find? If yes, then insert them into the keyword lists. Make sure to use the keywords in a way that makes sense. Do not stuff the content with your keywords. It makes your write-up fluffy and meaningless. Proper use of keywords makes it easy for your target audiences and interested parties to find your research paper. Abstract Will the article be an interesting read? Is it worth my time? The abstract answers all these questions and much more. This is where you tell your readers the purpose of the scientific research paper. It gives target audience a glimpse of what the contents entail. Basically, it states the objectives and scope of the study. More so, it gives a summary of the results and conclusions. Most publications will state specifically that the abstract should not be more than 250 words. If you can communicate the objectives in 100 words, then leave it at that. Don’t try to over-impress by adding more words. More importantly, do not state what you already have in the title. The title and abstract must be independent of each other. This is because they are published separately. Introduction This is one of the most important parts of a scientific research paper. It highlights the major issues the paper has to cover, while also providing some context for the key problem. Another reason why the introduction is important is to help readers determine how relevant your work is â€" Why do you think this research is necessary? What question does it provide answers to? Once you’ve introduced the research paper and the essence of conducting the research, the next thing is to state in clear terms the scope and objectives. Materials and methods This describes details of the experiment. This part makes it possible for someone else to make a replica of your research and reproduce the results. Provide detailed information about the materials used during the course of the research. If your methodologies are still fresh and original, make sure to provide all the materials required to reproduce the result. If, on the other hand, a method has been published already, state clearly the kind of methodologies used as well as references to the material. Results and discussions The result section throws more light on the findings including tables and figures. Since your scientific paper seeks to provide a solution to a specific problem, it is imperative that you state your findings in a concise and simple way. The discussions section gives readers more insight about the findings. It should also state clearly how your results can be compared to other results. Your discussions will be based on the findings presented in the results sections. Make sure your discussions align perfectly with your results. Furthermore, end the discussions with a brief summary of how relevant the study is. References If your literature is not originally your work, then it is important that you credit the source. This section will contain a list of references used during the course of the work. It should be in alphabetical order by author’s surname. Each reference detail should include the name of the author, year of publication, article title, the name of literature as well as the location where the book was published. Other details include volume and page numbers. Make sure to match references within the manuscript perfectly and precisely. Avoid using obsolete literature. Do not stuff the contents of your manuscript with a lot of references. Key Elements of a Good Scientific Research Paper Scientific research paper writing has its own unique features. These include accuracy, simplicity, and clarity. It is important to note that scientific research papers sometimes have a lot of ambiguity. As a result, it becomes a bit daunting to comprehend, particularly for the layman. To this end, it is expected of you, as an author, to possess specific attributes on how to write a scientific research paper properly. Maintaining a fine balance is essential. This way, you’ll command respect from the gurus in your field. This is because the paper is easy to comprehend. Another thing to note is to avoid the use of acronyms. In addition to that, do not write in the passive voice. Most, if not all, journals will accept research papers written in the active voice. For instance, “We ran a test to determine the correlation between two variable” is preferable to “test was carried out to determine the correlation between the two variables”. Often times, a scientific paper written in the passive voice gets rejected. Here’s a breakdown of the features Accuracy â€" Use only important and updated citations, data, resources, figures, and references. Simplicity â€" The paper is comprehensible. Use simple language, concise sentence and have a well-structured paragraph. Clarity â€" Less ambiguous, no redundancy and straight to the point. It should be well detailed Choosing a Topic for Scientific Research Paper Choosing scientific research paper topics is one of the biggest challenges you’ll probably face. It requires great skills. For some, the instructor assigns the topic while for others they have the liberty to choose their science paper writing topics of choice. When it comes to choosing the right topic there are a few steps to take. Choose a topic that you find interesting. It requires diligent research work Your choice of topic should neither be too broad nor too narrow. If you choose a broad topic you may find it challenging to concentrate due to the vast amount of information available. Likewise, a narrow topic will have little information available Read through the guidelines for choosing a topic. This will be outlined in your task. Consult your instructor or academic supervisor for help Arrange a meeting with a few friends to brainstorm about the research ideas. This will help you a lot. Remember to be flexible Research and familiarize yourself with the topic Keep in mind that choosing the right not may be a bit difficult. It has to be narrow to leave readers gasping for more, yet broad enough to give you the much-needed information. Prior to choosing a topic, have a clear picture of what your literature should look like. Tips for Getting Published Now that you’ve completed your research paper the next big hurdle is how to grab the attention of editors? There is basically no secret formula for getting your literature published. Truth is, it is not an easy task but it is achievable. The field is highly competitive. You need to be at the top of your game to stand a chance of getting published. However, keep in mind that editor’s preferences and expectations vary. Here are some interesting tips, in no particular order, to get your piece published in an academic journal: Think about the logic of the research paper and not the sequential order It is not advisable to write and make changes to the documents at the same time. You can always proofread and edit once you’re done. Make your argument noticeable all through the different section of the literature Ask a friend or better still hire a professional writing service to help review the final draft To increase your chances of getting published, consider writing a review. Some journals prefer publishing responses to papers because it helps promote discussions. Don’t just limit your target audience to a specific location rather think globally Choose the right journal Stick to the submission procedures and guidelines. And also read the instructions thoroughly Avoid repeating your abstract while writing the cover letter Do not overstate your methodology Respond professionally to the comments of the editor. If there is a need for revision, do it and resubmit. Getting your work published is no small feat. While some get the job done easily, it is usually difficult for others Tips for Writing One of the essences of writing as an author is to pass on your message and ideas precisely. For those writing academic papers, there are specific scientific research paper writing tips and guidelines to follow in order to achieve your goal â€" which is to get good grades. You must adhere to certain structures without deviating from the main purpose of writing. Clarity Clarity plays a key role when it comes to writing. It has to do with proper sentence structure, grammar, and language. To achieve clarity in writing, use short sentences of no more than 20 words. This will make the target audience grasp the concept without much stress. It will be pointless reading a paragraph over and over again just to understand the message being passed across. It will definitely put off the reader. Make your writing short, informative and catchy. Use of correct language and proper grammar will help enhance the reader’s experience. Regardless of how good or informative the research is, incorrect grammar usage will discourage the reader from probing further. Proper time management Of course, writing can take a lot of time and effort. For some, writing is a dreaded affair. However, if you are writing for the first time, it is important to create a daily schedule so you can work on some parts of the research paper. And make sure you work according to the schedule created. Editing Academic writing, specifically scientific research can be a complex and challenging task to accomplish. It requires a lot of research work. Not only that, each section will require proofreading and editing. It is, however, difficult to get it right the first time. Make sure to edit and proofread your paper before submitting. Seek help from friends or professional writing service that knows how to do a scientific research paper to help another look at the work and suggest changes if need be. This way, you can be assured that the paper is top-notch and up to the required standard. Conclusion Regardless of your reason for writing a scientific research paper, be it for academic purpose or for journal submission, the academic world is now versatile. Not only that, it keeps expanding by the day. sadly, many people don’t know how to write science research paper. In order to increase your chances of getting published, buy a professionally written scientific research paper online now.

Citizen An American Lyric Breaks The Continuum Of A...

Citizen: An American Lyric breaks the continuum of a linear narrative. It forces the reader to pause and engage with the visuals included in it. Furthermore, Claudia Rankine uses commentaries as a literary genre that effectively extends the ways and expressions in which Americans still encounter racism. Visuals and texts juxtapose to create captioned artworks; which Rankine interprets for the reader. Thus, those interpretations function as informative: telling the venues and forms where racism is portrayed and sponsored. Rankine defies the limits of scholarly literature by using visuals to summarize the context, thus, converting the book as if it were an art gallery exhibition: â€Å"Citizen acts as a kind of art gallery playing out the aesthetic of supremacist sterility, each segment being like a long, painfully white hall we’re walking down, punctuated by stunning images of black intensity and alterity† (Bomb magazine 2). Lauren Berlant comments on how Rankine’ s work shows their commonalities as writers who confront and face the challenges of being Black and questioned in numerous quotidian interactions about their intellect. Furthermore, the deliberate act to include images into the text serves as a cinematic experience by unleashing meanings that words cannot tell and Rankine’s utterances cannot convey. Thus, to incorporate a large number of visuals in a text oriented to literature college students, I would call it: risky and experimental. Perhaps, one can add out of theShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesThree Ethical Decision Criteria 187 †¢ Improving Creativity in Decision Making 188 Summary and Implications for Managers 190 S A S A S A L L L Self-Assessment Library What Are My Gender Role Perceptions? 166 glOBalization! Chinese Time, North American Time 171 Myth or Science? Creative Decision Making Is a Right-Brain Activity 181 Self-Assessment Library Am I A Deliberate Decision Maker? 183 An Ethical Choice Whose Ethical Standards to Follow? 185 Self-Assessment Library How Creative Am I? 190

The Florida Department Of Juvenile Justice - 2932 Words

I. Introduction The Florida Department of Juvenile Justice Office of Prevention and Victim Services provides voluntary youth crime prevention programs through the state of Florida. The Florida Department of Juvenile Justice mission is to increase public safety by reducing juvenile delinquency through operative prevention, intervention and treatment services that builds up families for a turn around of a brighter future of a troubled youth. The main functions of these programs as will be indicated in this paper are designed to reduce juvenile crime and protect public safety. These programs that will be stated main focused is to help those high-risk juveniles and those who display problem behaviors such as ungovernability, truancy, running away from home and other pre-delinquent behaviors. The state of Florida addresses these problems by contracting this delinquency programs prevention services and awarding grants to this local providers throughout the state of Florida. II. Juvenile Drug Treatment Courts The Juvenile Drug Court Program is one of the most accelerated outpatient option available to youth who are arrested and have been determined to have substance abuse issues. The parent/guardian and the youth have the option of consulting with the Public Defender’s assigned attorney to explore other legal options before accepting Juvenile Drug Court as part of their verdict. The Juvenile Drug Court provides services to juveniles who are thirteen to eighteen year of age andShow MoreRelatedCrime And Crime Of The United States1389 Words   |  6 Pagesexplores some of the policies, options, and approaches that could be used by Florida to enhance crime control. While Florida is already utilizing some of the strategies explored in this report, some of these strategies do not provide effective results in crime control, while other are yet to be rolled out across the State. For instance, juvenile transfers would appear unsuccessful in preventing juvenile offenders from crime in Florida. Similarly, the concept of ILP is yet to be rolled out to others areasRead MoreCommunity Based And Residential Delinquency Program896 Words   |  4 Pageseighteen who are classified as dependent, truant, runaway, delinquent or in need of academic skills. PACE accepts referrals from the juvenile justice system, the Department of Children and Families, school personnel, community services agencies, parents, family members, friends and self-referrals. The main goal of PACE is to intervene and prevent school withdrawal, juvenile delinquency, teen pregnancy, substance abuse and welfare dependency in a safe and nurturing environment. Pace gives services suchRead MoreEssay on Restorative Action for Juvenile Justice Centers1039 Words   |  5 Pages Juvenile justice is the area of criminal law for a person not old enough to be held responsible for their criminal actions (â€Å"Juvenile Justice†). In most states this kind of categorization is determined by age, set at eighteen years old. In general, juvenile law is governed by state law and most states have an individual juvenile code set in place that contributes to the number of youth in detention centers today (â€Å"Juvenile Justice†). Despite the lowest youth crime rates in twenty years, accordingRead MoreFlorida’s Juvenile Justice Civil Citation Law2015 Words   |  9 Pagesstate of Florida has passed a new law pertaining to the Juvenile Justice System which gives the officer that makes first contact with the youth offender. The officer may, if the youth has no prior criminal acts and the offense is a non-violent or non-drug related offense, just file a civil citation. This happens to be a new program designed to address a youth’s behavior at th eir first encounter with the Juvenile Justice system providing an alternative to being arrested. Vital to the Department of JuvenileRead MoreThe Role of Police, Courts and Department of Corrections in Juvenile Justice System765 Words   |  4 PagesCourts and Department of Corrections in the Juvenile Justice System James Francis Juvenile Delinquency American Military University Professor Robert Arruda The Role of Police, Courts and Department of Corrections in the Juvenile Justice System The juvenile justice system brings the juvenile delinquent in contact with the local police, the court system and if found guilty, the Department of Corrections. 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CLINTON MILLER 8/17/2014    COMBATING JUVENILE DELIQUENCY HILSBOROUGH COUNTY, FLORIDA Hillsborough County in the state of Florida initiated a program called the Juvenile Arrest Avoidance Program or JAAP in August of 2010. The the Juvenile Detention Alternatives Initiative (JDAI) was also implemented to provide at-risk youths the greatest opportunity to mature into responsible, law-abiding adultsRead MoreEssay On High Risk Community780 Words   |  4 Pagessolution (Hirth, D.) Outcomes: According to David Shern, dean of the Florida Mental Health Institute at the University of South Florida and chairman of the Florida Commission on Mental Health and Substance Abuse, says â€Å"the new program holds great promise as has been very effective in the reduction of High Risk Youths and their productivity in society†. This program was proven beneficial in the reduction of High Risk Youths in Florida (Hirth, D.) 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Full Time Faculty March, 2015 The month of April brings a change of seasons around the country, and a new focus issue to the table; Health and Wellness. In the area of Juvenile Corrections, we might take this opportunity to revisit a topic I wrote about in February, â€Å"Incarcerated Youth at Risk: Is Your Facility Doing Enough to Avoid Liability?† Ultimately

Running Water’s Effect on Roman Society Free Essays

One of the greatest civilizations of all time was Ancient Rome. They conquered most of the known world, which influenced most of the ancient and modern cultures. Their achievements in architecture rendered modern observers speechless, and brought great wealth to the Roman Empire. We will write a custom essay sample on Running Water’s Effect on Roman Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now By far the greatest achievement in Roman history came in the form of running water. The three part system, which was developed by early Etruscans, kept diseases away and saved time. This system included the entrance, use, and exit of ancient Roman water. According to numerous historical texts, ancient Romans relied upon the water from the Tiber River, small springs, and shallow wells. Said water had to be carried in buckets to the city in many grueling passages. Over time, the water became insufficient for the growing population of Rome, and to rectify this problem, aqueducts were built. Most of the information on the aqueducts in ancient Rome comes from Sextus Julius Frontius, the water commissioner in the 1st century A. D. He described in proud detail the sources, length, and function of each of Rome’s aqueducts, and he believed that the Roman achievements in water management were more important than anything else. â€Å". . . With such an array of indispensable structures carrying so many waters, compare if you will, the idle Pyramids or the useless, though famous works of the Greek† (Frontius, trans. By Bennet, 1961). Here, Frontius shows he cares little about the beauty of a monument, for his appreciation lies with the function it is created for: to carry potable water to the cities of the Empire, especially in the case of Frontius, to ancient Rome. The aqueduct system began at the source: a spring or river that looked to be suitable for the citizens of Rome, and ran at a slight decrease in altitude to the walls of the city. For example, the Aqua Appia, constructed by Appius Cladius Caesus in the year 312 B. C. , was 16,445 meters in length, but it only dropped 10 meters in altitude from the source to its level in Rome (Lanciani, 1897). Modern engineers marvel at the miniscule percent error of Appius Cladius Caesus’ famous aqueduct. The way the Romans built these lines so perfectly was very simple. If the workers came to a valley that interrupted the flow of gravity, they would build a tiered viaduct to keep the elevation in the same style; if they came upon a depression that was deemed impractical to build a viaduct, they would build an inverted siphon to move the water to and from its original height; and, lastly, if the workers fell upon a mountain or hill that obstructed the flow of the water, they would tunnel through the earth to ensure that the water reached its destination (Smith, 1978). I thought that Aqueducts only consisted of the two tiered bridges; sadly Norman Smith has proved me wrong. The popular but inaccurate image is that Roman aqueducts were elevated throughout their entire length on lines of arches†¦ The system of aqueducts serving Rome had only 5 percent of its total distance supported by viaducts or bridges† (Smith, 1978). This shows that modern archaeologists have deceived many people. Their findings only include the wondrous two tiered bridge s that are deceivably named, Aqueducts, whereas these structures are called viaducts, and Aqueducts are a name for the system that brings water from the source to the city. After the water arrived in the city, it served a purpose depending on its quality. â€Å"Roman water quality standards were remedial, taking into consideration only such factors as taste, temperature, smell, and appearance. Since the quality of water from the nine aqueducts varied, the worst waters were used for artificial lakes and irrigation, and the best for drinking. The aqueducts carrying water to Rome were covered to prevent the water from being contaminated by dust, dirt, and other impurities and from being heated by the sun. The best quality waters came from the valley of the Anio River† (Hansen, 1983). This quote shows that the quality of the water brought into the city determined the purpose it served, such as, water for fountains, drinking, latrines, public baths, cleaning the streets, for putting out fires, and, occasionally, for mock naval battles. Latrines in ancient Rome consisted of large, circular or square rooms. The seating was that of a short marble countertop with a circular hole on top and a square hole cut from the edge. At the feet of the user was a trench, and running water flowed through the trench. Every Roman had their own sponge on a stick; they would dip their sponge in the fresh water, and use it to clean themselves accordingly. This was a huge step in public sanitation. It cut down the spread of nasty diseases, which were running amok in the ancient times. Even today, though we do not clean ourselves with sponges, there is still a square slot cut, similar to the one in ancient Rome, in most modern toilets. Public baths served not only for bathing, but for every social interaction in Roman culture. People went to the baths practically all day to play games, discuss politics, exercise, read, lecture, listen to musical performances, and engage in prostitution. Waters of these baths were changed several times daily and used massive amounts of water. Mock naval battles, such as the one on lake Naumachia were the most entertaining of all spectacles put on by the ancient Romans. â€Å"Another popular form of entertainment was the sham naval battle on arti[fi]cial lakes (Naumachia). These not-so-sham battles were the most elaborate of all spectacles offered at Roman celebrations. The contestants butchered one another until one side or the other was eliminated; the victors, if they fought bravely, were occasionally given their freedom. The Emperor Domitian had the arena of the Coliseum flooded and reproduced an historic naval battle. Special piping was installed under the floor for flooding. The arena, however, proved to be too small. Roman historians report that Domitian staged sham naval battles with almost regular fleets, having dug an artificial lake near the Tiber River and surrounded it with seats†¦ Generally the aqueduct with poorest quality water was used to fill the naumachia† (Hansen, 1983) Emperor Domitian used the Coliseum, the Flavian Amphitheater, to stage mock naval battles as well, but it was too small, so he returned to filling Lake Naumachia. These quotes show that the ancient Roman people depended greatly on the aqueducts or Rome. The range of water delivered by the aqueducts varies from a low of 322,000 cubic meters per day (Herschel, 1913) to a high of 1,010,623 (Ashby, 1935). Roman water management was highly impressive, although the rich and influential received a much greater amount than the lowly citizens’ share. Good portions of this water were dumped into the street; this helped for the destruction of diseases because it kept the streets clean, by moving these hazards into the sewer system and out from under the feet of passerby. Virtually all water that entered the city of ancient Rome left via the Cloaca Maxima, and its main outlet was the Tiber River (Hansen, 1983). Several years before the birth of Christ, engineers built the Cloaca Maxima, which was the drainage and wastewater collection system in the ancient city of Rome. It still exists, and is used today, sparingly. Not everyone used the Cloaca Maxima, for it was highly taxed. The lazy, the misers, the poor, and the invalids had to resort to chamber pots. These would be emptied into the sewer nearby or dumped directly into the street, causing a passerby to receive an â€Å"unwanted gift† (Hansen, 1983). â€Å"From every towering roof the rubbish falls, striking the head, and injuries grow rank. See how pots strike and dint the sturdy pavement There’s death from every window where you move. You’d be a fool to venture out to dine, Oblivious of what goes on above, Without you having penned the dotted line Of your last testament, You can but hope they spill a [chamber pot]. † (Juvenal, trans. Jerome Mazzaro,1965) One can see the irritation that jumps from the quote of Juvenal, and it shows that this practice was highly frowned upon in ancient Roman society. If a free man was struck by one of these projectiles, in addition to medical fees and other expenses, he could be paid in a similarity to Workman’s Compensation from the guilty party (Carcopino, 1940). This poem adds emphasis to the unorthodox disposal of waste, in addition to the orthodox methods of the Cloaca Maxima. Water entered ancient Rome mainly through aqueducts, which made the entrance grand, profitable, and allowed for even lowly citizens to have fresh water; this water was used by the citizens in numerous ways, including latrines, public baths, and fake naval battles; and said water exited ancient Rome into the Tiber River through the Cloaca Maxima, which was the sewer system in ancient Rome, and the chamber pot. These wondrous events greatly influenced the culture of ancient Roman cities, which consisted of mostly the entire known world. Consequently, this influence allowed for other civilizations to build upon the ideas of the ancient Romans, thus improving the architecture for societies to come. 1,549 Words For this paper I used numerous quotes from the text of Roger D. Hansen, WATER AND WASTEWATER SYSTEMS IN IMPERIAL ROME, this paper was the basis for all of my citations because all of the citations are used for his cited support as well as mine. I did have a great understanding for the information that was given here, but I had trouble finding sources for the information I gained in Western Civilization class, because it was my knowledge. That was a problem until I found this essay, but all references to his text are cited according to Hansen, and the references that he used in his paper are cited according to the works he used for support. Works Cited Ashby, Th. , 1935. The Aqueducts of Ancient Rome (ed. I. Richmond), Oxford. Carcopino, Jerome, 1947 (first published in 1940). Daily Life in Ancient Rome. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut. Frontinus, Sextus Julius (trans. Charles Bennett), 1961. Stratagems and the Aqueducts of Rome. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Hansen, Roger D. 1983, WATER AND WASTEWATER SYSTEMS IN IMPERIAL ROME. Web. 5 Nov. 2010. . Herschel, Clemens, 1913. Frontinus and the Water Supply of Rome. Longman, Green and Company, New York. Juvenal, Decimus Julius (trans. Jerome Mazzaro), 1965. Satire. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. Lanciani, Rodolfo, 1967 (first published in 1897). The Ruins of Ancient Rome. Benjamin Blom, New York. Smith, Norman, 1978. Roman Hydraulic Technology. Scientific American 238:154-161. Quotes: Ashby, 1935: â€Å" A high of 1,010,623 cubic meters of water delivered daily to ancient Romans† Carcopino, 1940: When in consequence of the fall of one of these projectiles from a house, the body of a free man shall have suffered injury, the judge shall award to the victim in addition to medical fees and other expenses incurred in his treatment and necessary to his recovery, the total of the wages of which he has been or shall in the future be deprived by the inability to work which has ensued. † Frontius, 1961: â€Å". . . With such an array of indispensable structures carrying so many waters, compare if you will, the idle Pyramids or the useless, though famous works of the Greek† Hansen, 1983: â€Å"Romans without indoor facilities were forced into one of two options. For a relatively small charge they could enter one of the city’s public latrines or they could use chamber pots†¦Rome’s elaborate latrines were not a haven for the lazy, the misers, the poor, or the invalids. These latter groups had to resort to chamber pots. These were emptied into vats placed under the stairwells or, if vats were not provided, jars could be emptied into a nearby cesspool or an opening into the central sewer. There were many who found their stairs too steep, the distances to cesspools or sewers too far, and who found it more energy efficient to empty the contents of their chamber pots from windows onto the streets below† â€Å"The Roman sewer system probably carried off at least as much water as the aqueducts provided†¦The flow of the Tiber River was greatly increased by discharges from Rome’s sewers† â€Å"Another popular form of entertainment was the sham naval battle on arti[fi]cial lakes (Naumachia). These not-so-sham battles were the most elaborate of all spectacles offered at Roman celebrations. The contestants butchered one another until one side or the other was eliminated; the victors, if they fought bravely, were occasionally given their freedom. The Emperor Domitian had the arena of the Coliseum flooded and reproduced an historic naval battle. Special piping was installed under the floor for flooding. The arena, however, proved to be too small. Roman historians report that Domitian staged sham naval battles with almost regular fleets, having dug an artificial lake near the Tiber River and surrounded it with seats†¦ Generally the aqueduct with poorest quality water was used to fill the naumachia† â€Å"Roman water quality standards were remedial, taking into consideration only such factors as taste, temperature, smell, and appearance. Since the quality of water from the nine aqueducts varied, the worst waters were used for artificial lakes and irrigation, and the best for drinking. The aqueducts carrying water to Rome were covered to prevent the water from being contaminated by dust, dirt, and other impurities and from being heated by the sun. The best quality waters came from the valley of the Anio River† Herschel, 1913: â€Å"As low as 322,000 cubic meters per day delivered by aqueducts† How to cite Running Water’s Effect on Roman Society, Papers

The French Revolution An Overview free essay sample

French  society underwent an epic transformation as  feudal,  aristocratic  and religious  privileges evaporated under a sustained assault from liberal  political groups and the  masses on the streets. Old ideas about hierarchy and tradition succumbed to new  Enlightenment principles of  citizenship  and  inalienable rights. The French Revolution bore a rich legacy for the peoples of the world during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries because it was the first national movement that adopted the ideals of â€Å"liberty, equality and fraternity†. These ideas  became the basic tenets of democracy for every nation in the 19th and the 20th  century. The Revolution  espoused the cause of the masses, sought to abolish the idea of divine right, feudal privileges,  slavery and censorship, and upheld merit as the basis for social upgradation. These tenets are important even  in the contemporary world for their emphasis on equality and a world free from prejudice. Feudal systems and later, colonisation were abolished by re-working the French Revolution ideals of freedom and equality. We will write a custom essay sample on The French Revolution: An Overview or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Indian leaders  such as  Raja Ram Mohan Roy were deeply influenced by the ideas that the French Revolution propagated against the monarchy and its absolutism Democratic rights that we enjoy today whose origins can be traced to the French Revolution are: freedom of expression, right to equality, right to freedom, right to assemble and form unions (as long as they are not a threat to national security and peace). -Riya Mahajan IX RV

The Issues of Women Characters in Miriam Tlalis.

The Issues of Women Characters in Miriam Tlalis. The Issues of Women Characters in Miriam Tlali'sMuriel at MetropolitanA South Africa writer, Pamala Ryan, provides an interesting analysis of Miriam Tlali's Muriel at Metropolitan by arguing that: "[...] black women do not have time to dream" (95). The lives of black women are besieged with restraints and conflicts. Black women in South Africa do not have the "complete peace inside" (Ryan 95); they strive against racial discrimination and injustice to claim their freedom. The struggle gives black women the consciousness of self and the consciousness of a black society. Tlali's novel Muriel at Metropolitan is about the relationship between struggle and change, and the pain of black women's lives. In the novel, the struggles that the main character, Muriel, undertakes are against racism and social classes; her fight to claim her freedom of voice leads to Muriel's self-growth.The main element that Muriel fights against is racism.Muriel Barbery"Racism is the only evil that affects black women" (Christian, Concept 80). Clearly, racial discrimination is in the system of societal and psychological restrictions that have critically affected the lives of South African women. A scholar, Barbara Christian, argues that because of racism and social restrictions, black women lost their womanly nature.Because black women were, by nature of their race, conceived of as lower class, they could hardly approximate the norm of womanhood. They had to work; most could not be ornamental or withdrawn from the world; and, according to the aesthetics of [South Africa], they were not beautiful. [...] Any aggressiveness or intelligence on their part, qualities necessary for participation in the work world, were construed as unwomanly and tasteless. On one hand, they could not achieve the standard of womanhood; on the other hand, they were biologically females, with all the societal restrictions associated with...

Qué es Global Entry para acelerar paso por control migratorio

Quà © es Global Entry para acelerar paso por control migratorio El paso por el control migratorio para ingresar a Estados Unidos puede, en ocasiones, ser especialmente largo pudiendo demorarse por ms de una hora. Esta molestia se puede evitar enrolndose en el programa Entrada Global (Global Entry, en inglà ©s) que, adems, puede utilizarse con el mismo fin en un nà ºmero limitado de otros paà ­ses. En este artà ­culo se informa sobre quià ©nes se pueden enrolar en el programa, cà ³mo se solicita el ingreso, en quà © consiste el trmite de la entrevista, razones de negacià ³n de la solicitud y quà © es la Global Entry Card. Quià ©nes se pueden enrolar en el programa Global Entry No todas las personas pueden solicitar beneficiarse de Global Entry. Es preciso cumplir con una serie de requisitos, el primero de los cuales es el de nacionalidad o situacià ³n migratoria ya que es necesario estar en una de las siguientes categorà ­as: Ser estadounidense o residente permanente legal en los Estados Unidos.O ser ciudadano de Argentina, India, Colombia, Mà ©xico, Panam, Singapore, Holanda, Reino Unido, Suiza, Alemania  y Corea del Sur. Los miembros de Global Entry pueden beneficiarse de paso de control migratorio rpido en esos paà ­ses, adems de en Estados Unidos. Los canadienses y los residentes permanentes legales en Canad no pueden solicitar ingreso a Global Entry. Sin embargo, gozan de beneficios similares a travà ©s del programa NEXUS  (que tambià ©n sirve para cruzar la frontera terrestre). Adems, son requisitos para obtener la aprobacià ³n de la solicitud de enrolamiento en Global Entry no ser un riesgo para la seguridad de los Estados Unidos y  que la la Policà ­a Fronteriza de Estados Unidos (CBP, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) apruebe dicha peticià ³n. Aunque este programa es principalmente utilizado por viajeros que pasan frecuentemente a travà ©s de las fronteras estadounidenses, à ©sta no es una condicià ³n y, de hecho, puede aplicar cualquier persona que cumpla con los requisitos mencionados anteriormente. En el caso de menores de 18 aà ±os, es necesario el consentimiento expreso de los padres o guardianes legales. Cà ³mo solicitar ser miembro del programa Entrada Global La aplicacià ³n debe hacerse por internet en la pgina web del Departamento de Seguridad Interna. Debe crearse una cuenta para este fin. Si solicitan varios miembros de una misma familia, hay que crear una cuenta independiente para cada uno, incluidos los nià ±os. Adems, debe pagarse $100 en concepto de tarifa o arancel. Este dinero no se recupera en el caso de que la solicitud sea denegada. El pago a de hacerse con tarjeta de crà ©dito o mediante transferencia bancaria. Una vez que la CBP recibe la aplicacià ³n, si la aprueba condicionalmente entonces procede a enviar un correo electrà ³nico a la cuenta previamente creada en el programa Entrada Global citando al solicitante para una entrevista que tendr lugar en un centro autorizado, conocido en inglà ©s como enrollment center. Sin embargo, existe tambià ©n la opcià ³n de que una vez que se ha recibido comunicacià ³n de la aprobacià ³n condicional la persona beneficiada opte por lo que se conoce como enrollment on arrival. Esto es, la entrevista tendr lugar una vez que se llega a un aeropuerto a Estados Unidos. La à ºnica condicià ³n es que la llegada tenga lugar a travà ©s de un aeropuerto autorizado para realizar este tipo de gestià ³n. Quà © esperar de la cita en la CBP El solicitante para ser enrolado en Entrada Global deber presentarse a la hora y en el lugar indicado presentando dos formas de identificacià ³n. Los ciudadanos mostrarn sus pasaportes no expirados y los residentes sus tarjetas de residencia. Adems, ser necesario llevar otro I.D. como por ejemplo la licencia de manejar. Al ser entrevistado se tomar una foto y las huellas digitales del solicitante que se cotejarn con las bases de datos disponibles para al gobierno de los Estados Unidos. Por quà © puede ser denegada la peticià ³n Las razones por las que la solicitud para beneficiarse del programa Global Entry puede ser negada son varias, destacando entre ellas, las siguientes: La informacià ³n que se da en la aplicacià ³n es falsa o incompleta. Esto serà ­a un fraude de ley y darà ­a lugar a incontables problemas seriosEl solicitante est siendo investigado por una autoridad americana, federal, estatal o localHa violado en algà ºn momento leyes de inmigracià ³n, aduaneras o de agricultura en cualquier paà ­s. No es admisible para entrar en Estados Unidos en aplicacià ³n de las leyes migratorias (esto aplica sà ³lo a extranjeros, incluidos los residentes permanentes)Ha sido condenado previamente por un delito o est en bà ºsqueda y capturaLa CBP no puede verificar todo o parte del historial laboral, criminal o de residencia del solicitante y, por lo tanto, no se cumplen con el requisito de demostrar que no se es un riesgo bajo para la seguridad de los Estados Unidos Quà © pasa si la solicitud de Global Entry es aprobada A partir de ahà ­, cada vez que ingrese a Estados Unidos en vez de hacer fila y esperar su turno para ser procesado por Inmigracià ³n podr dirigirse directamente al kiosko de Global Entry, pasar el pasaporte y poner sobre la mquina sus dedos para que se le tomen las huellas digitales. Es en este momento cuando se cubre en el kiosko la declaracià ³n de aduanas, tambià ©n conocida como formulario 6059B. Y automticamente se le emitir un recibo con el que ya puede ir a recoger su equipaje y proceder hacia Aduanas, donde se puede ser sometido a inspeccià ³n para controlar si trae algà ºn artà ­culo cuya entrada est prohibida en Estados Unidos. Adems, todos los extranjeros que no son residentes permanentes legales en Estados Unidos deben notificar en persona en un centro de registracià ³n de Global Entry todos los cambios que pueden afectar a sus visas, como por ejemplo, la solicitud de renovacià ³n o de peticià ³n de otro tipo de visa. Si no se hace, puede haber problemas al llegar a Estados Unidos. A pesar de estar enrolado en este programa, es posible que en ocasiones la persona deba pasar controles inmigratorios adicionales. Adems, si abusa de este programa sus privilegios pueden ser cancelados automticamente.   Opciones a Global Entry para acelerar cruce del control migratorio Y por à ºltimo, conviene tener en cuenta que este programa aplica cuando se ingresa en Estados Unidos por aire y a travà ©s de uno de los aeropuertos en los que est en funcionamiento el programa de Entrada Global. Pero hay otros programas de cruce rpido de control migratorio como por ejemplo APC para estadounidenses y para ciudadanos del Programa de Exencià ³n de Visas (chilenos, espaà ±oles) o  SENTRI para paso terrestre o marà ­timo entre Estados Unidos y Mà ©xico y su equivalente Nexus para el paso terrestre entre USA y Canad. Finalmente,  destacar que todas las personas que son miembros de Global Entry pueden participar en el programa TSA Pre que permite acelerar el paso por el  control de seguridad en los aeropuertos  de USA para vuelos domà ©sticos y tambià ©n internacionales con origen en los Estados Unidos. Quà © es la Global Entry Card Es una tarjeta que se puede emitir a los miembros del programa Global Entry y que adems son ciudadanos de los Estados Unidos, residentes permanentes en este paà ­s o ciudadanos mexicanos. Para obtenerla es necesario entrar en el sistema de GOES donde se inicià ³ la aplicacià ³n para el Global Entry y seleccionar la opcià ³n  ¨activate membership card ¨.   La tarjeta contiene un chip con informacià ³n sensible y puede utilizarse para ingresar a Estados Unidos por un puerto marà ­timo o tambià ©n por una frontera terrestre utilizando las lineas designadas para SENTRI en el caso de frontera sur con Mà ©xico o para NEXUS, en el caso de frontera con Canad o para Ready Line, reduciendo asà ­ los tiempos de espera para cruzar. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Breast Cancer Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Breast Cancer - Assignment Example Overall, women’s risk of getting breast cancer is said to increase by 35-50% (GÃ ¸tzsche and Nielsen, 2011). Another risk factor has to do with lack of activity. In this, there continues to be variable rates of increase in risk. The main issue however remains that activeness is very necessary for all women to ensure that they are kept safe from the risk factor of inactiveness. The third major lifestyle related risk factor has been found to be the use of oral contraceptive, where premenopausal breast cancer is said to be the most likely in this situation (Wallace, 2012). This means that the onset of breast cancer with the use of oral contraceptive is very high as compared to the rate of onset for other risk factors (GÃ ¸tzsche and Nielsen, 2011). The last risk factor under lifestyle is diet, where high fat and high alcohol intake have been noted to be major risks. In terms of genetic risk factors, Nelson, Smith, Griffin and Fu (2013) mentioned that there are genetic susceptibility that play minor part in some cases of breast cancer. The causes of breast cancer as associated with genetics have however been quoted to be less than 10% in most of the case. The average range has often been given as 5% to 10% with variations occurring, depending on the number of relatives with the situation. GÃ ¸tzsche and Nielsen (2011) actually stressed that the probable rate of cause for people with 0, 1 and 2 relatives with the disease is 7.8%, 13.3%, and 21.1% respectively. There are actually women who have been found to develop hereditary breast-ovarian cancer syndrome as a result of genetics but the rate given in this instance has been found to be only 5%. On medical conditions as risk factor, Nelson, Smith, Griffin and Fu (2013) mentioned that there are some diseases that increase the risk of women of getting breast cancer. Typical example of this has been mentioned to be diabetes mellitus. What is more, fibrocystic breast has been found to be common among those with benign

Marketing Activities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing Activities - Essay Example By moving its Apple Mac operating system from IBM and Freescale Semiconductor Intel chips, Apple has moved away from the up market computer image that it had, and is now positioned to attract any computer buyer (Lukovitz, 2007). Dell Computers has used the power of the Internet to provide awareness of its products and the place from where to acquire its products. To Dell Computers the Internet has been an extremely suitable means to provide the place of sale for its product of personal computers, targeting the market segment for personal and business purchase of computers. It is not that Dell computers has not used offline means to create awareness. It has used means like the television media for advertisements to create awareness, but has found the Internet more powerful and easier to gauge response of its promotional activities. The successful use of the Internet is what has powered Dell Computers to its leading position in the personal computer market (Enos, 2001). In a move to make use of the powerful players on the Internet, Dell Computers has strategically tied up with leader in Web search and advertising Google to ward off the threat from Hewlett-Packard. It will provide its Google desktop with Googl e Toolbar software on its personal computers, while Google will help create awareness and sales of the new PowerEdge servers from Dell. These efforts stem from competitor activities to cut into Dell’s market share through reduction in price. (Dells New Marketing Strategy - Google, Servers & Storage Systems). Dell Computers also uses innovative offline marketing promotion strategies. An example of this is in its attempts to reach out to the student market for personal computers and laptops. In 2007, it tested the promotion of its products through student’s mobile devices, using a free offer for a plasma TV and free music download, for

Theories of Attachment and Disorders

Theories of Attachment and Disorders Table of Contents (Jump to) Introduction Attachment and Separation Disorders of Attachment Conclusion Bibliography Introduction The demand for literature on parenting and child rearing has increased exponentially over the past few decades. Parents, teachings and other professionals are being coming increasingly aware of the importance of the early relationship between mother and infant in determining future success in intimate, social and professional relationships. Over the centuries there have been a number of approaches to parenting, some promoting a formal, distant relationship, encouraging independence. However, more recently the relationship between a child and his or her primary care-giver (particularly the mother) has been shown to form the corner stone of future emotional functioning. Bowlbys (1980) theory of infant attachment explains how an infants first experience with his or her mother influences the formation of mental representation of the self and of others. The representation of the self determines the individuals sense of self worth, of how worthy one feels of receiving love. The representat ion of others shapes how the individual interprets the world and others as being reliable and trustworthy, or unreliable and not to be trusted. The development of these cognitive processes is rooted in the style of attachment an infant forms with his or her mother. The follow essay will provide an overview of attachment processes and styles and will consider the long-term impact of these. Attachment and Separation The origins of attachment theory are heavily rooted in the observations of psychologist John Bowlby and the subsequent contributions of Mary Ainsworth and others. Attachment can be understood as the tone of affection that exists between two people (or animals) and is described by Bowlby (1969: 194) as the lasting psychological connectedness between human beings. According to Bowlby, this occurs when the relationship between the mother and infant is loving and intimate, and one from which both receive enjoyment and satisfaction. Attachment differs from bonding in that bonding entails the emotional feelings that a mother experiences for her infant and does not include an element of security. Kaplan and Sadock (1998) identify phases of attachment: 1. Pre-attachment Phase (birth – 12 weeks) – characterized by babies using their eyes to orientate themselves to their mother, following her with their eyes and turning towards her voice. 2. Attachment Making Phase (12 weeks – 6 months) – sees the infant developing an attachment to more than one person in their environment (eg. Mother and father). 3. Clear Cut Attachment Phase (6 months – 24 months) – the infant shows obvious signs of distress when removed from mother and seeks proximity with mother on her return and is easily soothed by her. 4. Fourth Phase (25 months and onwards) – the child views the mother as separate. Bowlby (1969) proposed that from birth an infant will constantly seek proximity to his or her mother so as to gain comfort and security. This seeking of proximity, according to Bowlby, can be partly explained as an attachment behavioral system based on the evolutionary process of natural selection. Accordingly, only those who maintain close proximity to their mother are safe from danger and more likely to survive the potential threats of their environment. Early studies by Harry Harlow (1958), a psychologist intrigued by love, relieved the attachment needs of monkeys. One particular study showed that young monkeys, removed at birth from their mother and then given the choice between a wire monkey offering food or a wire monkey covered in cloth (yet without food), would opt for the comfort of the soft wire monkey over food. This experiment showed that attachment is more than a need for food, but includes strong elements of a need for love and affection. According to Bowlby (1969, 1980) the affectional bond between mother and child has a far reaching impact, continuing throughout life. He identified four primary characteristics of attachments: 1. Safety – The carer provides the child with a safe haven; a place where he or she can return when feeling threatened. Here the child will receive acceptance and comfort in times of distress. 2. Security – The carer provides the child with a sense of security. The child feels confident to explore his or her environment. 3. Proximity – The child seeks to maintain close proximity to the carer; thereby maintaining a sense of safety and comfort. 4. Separation – When separated from the carer, the child becomes distressed and seeks proximity with the carer on his or her return and is readily soothed by him or her. Bowlby found that achieving satisfactory proximity in times of distress will result in feelings of relief, however, should the mother fail to respond to the infants attempts at receiving proximity (through crying), this will result in one of two secondary strategies: 1) Deactivation is the repression of attachment needs and avoidance of seeking proximity; 2) Hyperactivation is the continual, often unsuccessful and frustrating, attempts at attaining proximity. Bowlby (1969, 1980) highlights the importance of the quality of the mothers responsiveness and sensitivity to the infants needs in the formation of healthy, secure attachment styles. A mother who responds with sensitivity to her infants cries helps the infant contain his or her anxieties, and mirrors for the infant emotional regulation. Later, the child will be able to be a container for his or her own emotions. Bowlby (1969, 1980) explains how a responsive mother provides a secure base for the child to explore his or her enviro nment free of fear and anxiety. However, an insensitive or inconsistent mother creates, for the child, a sense of insecurity evoking feelings of anxiety and avoidance behavior. Mary Ainsworth, a colleague of Bowlby, built on Bowlbys theory. Ainsworth observed the significant influence the early attachment between mother and baby had on present and future behavior. This researcher, for example, found that by soothing a baby when they cry reduced future crying behavior. Also, Ainsworth found that secure attachment reduced anxiety and that bodily contact between mother and baby nurtured the development of future self-reliance as apposed to clinging behavior (Ainsworth, 1985). Ainsworth, Blehar, Walters and Walls (1978) undertook a study to explore Bowlbys theory. These researchers developed a study called the Stranger Situation, which sought to observe the attachment related behavior of infants when separated from and later reunited with their mother. The process of the stranger situation involved the mother and child initially being placed in the same room; a stranger would then enter the room while the mother left. The stranger would then leave the room and the mother would return and comfort her child. Again the mother would leave and the stranger would return. Finally, the mother would return to the room and comfort her child. Based on the childs behavior through this process, Ainsworth and colleagues were able to identify three distinct attachment styles: 1. Secure Attachment – A securely attached child will be seen to freely explore his or her environment in the presence of his or her mother. When the mother leaves, this child will show obvious distress and will seek proximity with his or her mother on her return, being readily comforted by her. 2. Avoidant Attachment – Children who failed to seek proximity to his or her mother were identified has having an avoidant attachment style. These children were seen as exhibiting little range in affect, and did not respond with distress when the mother left and showed little interest on her return. These children would resort to the secondary strategy of deactivation. 3. Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment – Children with this attachment style also failed to seek proximity with his or her mother, but resorted to the secondary strategy of hyperactivation. Ainsworth (1978) and colleagues were further able to identify the types of mother-child relationships associated with these attachment styles. Securely attached children were found to have mothers who are attuned and sensitive to her childs emotional as well as physical needs. She formed a secure base for her child and helped regulate stress and emotional disease. Mothers of children with avoidant attachment styles would respond with little concern to their childs distress, and rather than comfort them, she would discourage the childs attempts at achieving proximity and encourage independence. Finally, ambivalently attached child had mothers who responded inconsistently to their children. At times they would respond attentively and provide comfort; yet at other times she would discourage the crying behavior and ignore the childs attempts at proximity. These attachment styles differ slightly in adulthood, with four types being identified: sure, preoccupied, fearful-avoidant and dismissing-avoidant. These types differ to those identified by Ainsworth mainly in the distinction between fearful-avoidant and dismissing-avoidant. An individual showing a dismissing-avoidant style maintains a positive view of self and a negative view of others, while those with a fearful-avoidant styles holds a negative view of both self and others. Main, Kaplan and Cassidy (1985) were the first to demonstrate how early attachment styles, formed during infancy, are generalised to an individuals future relationships in adulthood. These researchers described how mental representations of the self and others, formed in infancy, are used to predict and interpret attachment-related situations. According to this line of thought, a person who experienced rejection in infancy will carry this experience into adult relationships. They will feel unworthy of love, and moreover, that others are incapable of loving them. Attachment styles are also shown to influence such things as self-esteem, self-efficacy and socializing abilities. In a study by Kaplan and Sadock (1998) these researchers show how securely attached adolescents are more socially adjusted than those with avoidant or anxious/ambivalent attachment styles. Furthermore, these researchers note how low self-esteem, poor social relatedness, and emotional vulnerability to stress are associated with insecure attachments during the first year of life (147). The development of theory of mind is also impeded in attachment theory. Theory of mind is the understanding that each person has heir own, separate beliefs, ideas and mental states. Furthermore, it is the ability to predict, with a large degree of accuracy, how another person may feel or respond in certain situations. For example, a person having theory of mind would accurately predict how a person may feel should they fail in an important exam. The development of theory of mind or mentalizing capacity is directly dependant on secure attachment. A mother who responds consistently with love and acceptance to her infants cry demonstrates to the infant that they have understood them and that they are in tune with their needs. This mother has demonstrated that she is able to infer the thoughts and needs of her child. The child then learns this from the mother. This ability to make accurate inferences and to envisage the emotional experiences of others is crucial for health psychological and psychosocial functioning (Fonagy, Gergely, Jurist and Targer, 2005). Disorders of Attachment As previously noted, unstable or unhealthy attachment is a result of maternal disregard, where a mother is seen to be dismissive, unresponsive, and lacking in warmth and consistency. People having an avoidant or anxious/ambivalent attachment style experience problems in developing and maintaining relationships, in communicating with others, trusting in others, feeling unworthy of love. This deprivation results in disorders of attachment including such things as failure-to-thrive syndromes, psychosocial dwarfism, separation anxiety disorder, avoidant personality disorder, depressive disorders, delinquency, academic problems, and borderline intelligence (Kaplan Sadock, 1998: 147). These resulting problems highlight some of the adverse effects of a deprived relationship between mother and child. Conclusion John Bowlbys theory of attachment has challenged some of the traditional beliefs on parenting, such as: crying babies should be left alone, holding a baby too much will result in clinging behavior, attending to a distressed baby will result in over dependence. Still today, some of these outdate beliefs are held by many. However, research into the area of attachment has revealed a very different picture. The tenderness of the relationship between mother and child has been shown as being paramount to the healthy development on emotional, social, psychological and even educational levels. Children require physical warmth, love, affection, consistency and understanding in order to develop a positive sense of self, trust in the world, confidence to explore the world and a belief in others. Children learn from their mother, from the very time of birth, what to think of the world, who they are in the world, what to expect from the world and what the world expects from them. Bibliography Ainsworth, M.S. (1985). Attachment across the life-span. Academic Medicine, 61, 792. Ainsworth, M. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., Wall, 5. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the Strange Situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Bowlby, J. (1969), Attachment and loss, Vol. 1: Attachment. New York: Basic Books. Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and Loss. New York: Basic Books. Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist, E.L., Target, M. (2005). Affect Regulation, Mentalization, and the Development of the Self. London: Karnac. Harlow, H. F. (1958). The nature of love. American Psychologist, 13, 673-685. Kaplan, H.I., Sadock, B.J. (1998). Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Science/Clinical Psychiatry (8th Ed). Lippincott, Williams Wilkins, Maryland. Main, M., Kaplan, N., Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50, 66-104.

Plot Summary I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings

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